Just a short post, because I’m home celebrating my birthday (mostly by coughing–the cold has moved to my chest).
The child is completely out of the parka and pantaloons (Murdoch’s term), and Shawn was able to examine the remains. No change in the age estimate.
I was able to get some pictures of the boot part of the pantaloons. They look like they may have been made from leg skin (something with shorter finer hair than the main part of a caribou hide), with separate soles.
Sole of the left boot
There was a seam up the middle of the vamp on each boot. The boots seem to have been sewn to the pants, which were of caribou hide.
I’m about halfway done getting the child out of the parka. Fannie Akpik came out to look at the stitches. She agreed with Qaiyaan and me that the stitching on the parka looked like waterproof seams, even though it is clearly caribou, which isn’t normally waterproof. I took some samples to test for presence of marine mammal oil, which might have helped make it water-resistant anyway.
Stitches on the parka
I’m trying to video the whole “excavation” process, both to document it and to serve as a backup to notes & bag labels. I’ve reversed the photostand I have, and put it on a lab bench with the camera mount at the tippy top, overhanging the person on the sheet of plywood. I can just get the camera high enough to get the whole thing in the shot. I use a stepladder to get up and down to work on it. The only problem is that there is no low battery warning, so it just dies, which it did a couple of times yesterday. Today we started setting alarms on our phones to check the camera, so that more or less solved that problem. I haven’t been able to download the card yet. The SD card readers at work are getting touchy, and my Mac at home said it couldn’t read the card. The camera sees files, so maybe I need to hook it up directly.
Lab setup for documentation. Camera at upper right center. The child is under the plastic on the lab bench.
While looking at the wolf, we noticed that some of the pieces were cut with a rounded edge, and Fannie, who is Nuvukmuit (that’s the preferred spelling in their dialect, not Nuvugmiut) herself, thought it could be related to the rounded tail on the atikłuks they make for their dance group today. Later I found another seam where wolf had been sewn to caribou.
Fur side of the wolf. Amazingly well-preserved!Backside of the wolf, showing the stitching. It's a regular whip stitch. The sinew is still preserved.
It’s amazing how nice the stitching is, especially since they were done with a bone needle.
If you remember, last summer we excavated a burial which had some well-reserved fur and hide, including a parka. We put in a freezer (thanks to NSB Wildlife Department and Cyd Hanns in particular), and late last week we brought it to the lab. It took a bit longer to thaw than I thought, so we were only able to start today. Some of the folks I’d hoped could look at the skin sewing since the furs aren’t in great shape and some of the sinew thread (ivalu) has dissolved are out-of-town for the Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN) Annual Meeting and related event, but Shawn is here, and it wouldn’t be right to keep the person around just to study.
So I set up a video camera, and am using two other cameras, one with a macro lens to record stitching and so forth, and another for overall shots. Plus I’m taking a lot of samples, and notes as well.
The bundle of furs before we started.
I got started, with a bit of help from Shawn. He still had one other person to deal with, so I went on without him for a bit. Qaiyaan Harcharek, and Lottie Jones, from the Inupiat History, Language and Culture Commission staff came by. Lottie had to get back to the office, but Qaiyaan, who has a degree in Anthropology, came back and we worked on the person until after 5:30.
The first bit of the caribou hide wrapping unfolded at lower left.
What we were able to figure out so far is that the person was laid on a caribou hide, so of which was wrapped up around the lower legs and over the left side. It’s possible that it may also have been over the right side and decayed so badly it wasn’t recoverable. I’ve got to go back and look at the pictures and notes from the excavation. Once we got part of the hide unwrapped, it was clear there was another kind of hair present. Caribou have long, fairly straight hollow hairs that don’t taper very much. There was a lot of much finer, tapering hair, which had matted down. We were discussing what this might be, and had guessed at maybe wolf when Qaiyaan and Lottie had to head back to town.
Further unfolded, with what turns out to be wolf beside the photo scale.
I kept unfolding layers of furry hide, and all of a sudden, there were long dark guard hairs showing. One more fold, and there was a very well-preserved patch of what is obviously wolf (if you’ve seen wolf skins, anyway). It actually feels very much like my wolf ruff, which was probably running around 5 years ago, even though this one must have been dead for hundreds of years. We don’t have a date yet, but wolf should be good for dating. So that mystery was solved.
Shawn was able to look at the remains of the cranium, which had not been as well-preserved, and the person seems to be a child of 4-6 years or so. We all have kids, and it made us sad to think how this child’s parents must have felt.
We still don’t know what the wolf was. It has stitching, but it seems to just be wrapped around the legs. The child is wearing what appear to be skin-in caribou boots, which may actually go all the way to the waist, sort of like hip-waders. The wolf doesn’t seem to be over-pants, especially as the hair side is in. Maybe we can figure that out tomorrow.
Shawn Miller, the physical anthropology PhD student (and University of Utah anatomy instructor) who examines and records the data on the human remains from Nuvuk prior to their reburial, is here. He has been working on the multiple burial with an intact box that we excavated in early July. It is looking like there were two primary individuals, probably both men. The juvenile elements could all have come from the same individual, Shawn thinks, so there may have only been three people in this burial.
It is looking like one of the adults has signs of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia. These have generally been considered as signs of iron-deficiency anemia and a diet lacking in animal food-sources, but recently it has been suggested that this may be incorrect (Walker et al. 2009). Certainly that would seem unlikely for someone living at Nuvuk, as there really was almost nothing available there but animal food. It will be interesting to get the dates for the individual, who was apparently more recent, since there was reportedly considerable starvation after Yankee whalers decimated the bowhead stocks.
I went to get the coffins that we had in stock. UIC RE Maintenance folks had made us a bunch, since it is easiest to cut a whole lot of standard size pieces at once. Unfortunately, things seem to have been moved around in the warehouse where they were stored, and we seem to be short a few boxes and quite a few lids. The ones I found were scattered in several locations. I was able to find enough for the individuals in the burial, and will see about getting some new lids made later this week.
We managed to finish with the Ipiutak structure today. As is customary in archaeological excavations, something interesting showed up at the last minute.
My computer at home seems to be dead, which is why I haven’t been posting and why there will be no pictures until tomorrow. It’s hard to get photos off a Nikon D200 onto an iPad. So, more tomorrow…
It rained all night, and is still very windy. The oceanographers decided that they’d rather wait until it wasn’t pouring to go out to Nuvuk. We looked at the weather, and small craft advisories are extended to at least Sunday night, but the forecast for Monday suggested they will be extended as soon as we hit the right window in time. The rain is supposed to let up, though, so tomorrow and Monday are looking much more promising.
I spent some time at the BARC, listening to the Saturday Schoolyard talk and working on the Nuvuk plotting. It was fun to see the gas field project coming together after working on the cultural resources surveys for the last three years! They have the drill rig set up in the East Barrow Gas Fields (you can see it from Nuvuk) and are supposed to spud in the well today.
I also looked at the plots from the DWF for this year, to check how the various levels had related to each other. I hope this will be helpful in trying to recover the rest of the structure.
Now to catch up with laundry, bills, etc. Hard to keep all that on track if you are working 6 days a week.
We got to the field yesterday. Bryan Thomas and Scott Oyagak (bear guard) from BASC, and Courtney Hammond, the new BASC intern, were joined by dental extern Audrey Navarro. We got the site uncovered, removing all the trash bags that had been pinned in place to help protect the actual surface. It had suffered some damage, so we laid out a gird of 1/4 m square units, took surface elevations, and started slowly removing and bagging the entire matrix of the first 1/4 meter in, in 5 cm levels. This was the most disturbed, and I could not find the floor level. If I couldn’t, it’s not surprising that the volunteers, two of whom were excavating for the first time, couldn’t do it. Bryan was mostly running the transit, since he’s done that a bit and is fine with the program (just needs more practice aiming the theodolite to get really fast–it’s harder for him since he’s a lefty and it is totally built for right-handed people). By the end of the day, there were a couple of hints of where the floor was, although one was much higher than the other.
There were hints of two levels of floor earlier this summer as we moved away from the hearth, perhaps due to a renovation of the structure which involved adding gravel to the floor/bench, so that might be what is showing up. It certainly doesn’t make figuring out where the floor is from a profile (I use the term very loosely, since we are talking about unconsolidated gravel here).
Today, I went out with Glenn Sheehan, from BASC, who is also an archaeologist by profession (also my husband), since I really needed someone else who could dig without direct supervision if I needed to run the transit, and Bryan and Scott. As it turned out, Glenn was able to find a small chert flake and then an ivory flake and follow out a level from there. Pieces of wood are turning up as well. Mike and Patsy Aamodt stopped by after checking their net and we chatted for a bit. They just came back from their cabin, where they had both nanuqs (polar bears) and brown bears hanging around. Amazingly, we’ve seen none yet this season, which is a first.
Tomorrow the weather is supposed to be very windy, and we were having trouble getting local volunteers since it is the Homecoming game for the Whalers football team. However, Nok Acker from BASC arrived to spell Scott so he could get home in time for his babysitter to go home, and had heard that a team of oceanographers who are in town want to go out tomorrow (probably because there is a small craft advisory so they can’t go boating 🙂 ), so we may go out anyway. Rain/snow/30 knot winds may mean a short day, but so be it. There is a bit of gravel that can be moved even if it’s too windy to excavate (or even expose the surface).
Anyway, now that we have the surface, we can follow it, record visible artifacts, and bring the matrix back for screening & flotation in the lab. Given the macro-fossil stuff and the micro-flakes, it’s the only way to get the structure excavated enough to find the edge before it gets wiped out by a storm.
The possible large labor force to shovel off the gravel didn’t pan out due to scheduling difficulties, so we went out after lunch to do it ourselves. We = Michael Donovan, Scott Oyagak, Courtney Hammond (all from BASC) and me. Mike rode out on an ATV, and the rest of us rode in style in Scott’s truck. It was a beautiful day, perfect for shoveling.
Out at Nuvuk on a bluebird dayBeautiful day at Nuvuk
We used flat shovels to uncover the blue tarp and driftwood that had been buried to try to protect the structure (remember, we didn’t know if we would get funding to do this) and then to get about another foot (30 cm) of gravel off the surface we want to get to. The surface had been covered with trash bags to protect it, and we didn’t quite go down to that level, although they could be seen.
Putting up the windbreak
Then we set up the windbreak. It is long enough to shield the entire area we want to work in, and has small wings on either end, so it should be good for a variety of wind directions. We added a couple of supports to the front, so it should be OK unless we get a huge storm, which it doesn’t look like we will for a couple of days, if the NWS isn’t lying. We may need to add props to the ocean side on Friday, though.
Finished windbreak.Area to be excavated
Tomorrow four of us will head out to start the actual excavation.
We didn’t actually start the fieldwork today. A possibility for lots of help shoveling off the overburden exists, so it didn’t make sense to start that until we know if it will pan out tomorrow. Whether it does or not, we start tomorrow. At the moment forecast doesn’t call for snow until the weekend, but who knows…
In the meantime, I got one report to the client, have the final figure for another back to the GIS guy in draft format (I was having some problem getting my base image to display–it seemed to import OK, and acted like it was there, I just couldn’t see anything when the layer was turned on). So the final image just needs to be inserted and that report can be PDFd and sent off tomorrow.
Out of Ice and Time 